Dual injection: An effective and efficient technology to use renewable fuels in spark ignition engines

Modern spark ignition engines mostly use one injection system to deliver gasoline into the combustion chamber, using either direct or port fuel injection. Both technologies have their respective advantages. To integrate advantages and promote of renewable fuels, dual are in development recent years. Dual represents an advanced is a novel technology address urgent issues sustainability environmental protection. This study reviews state-of-the-art research on with focus engine performance. The main include greater control flexibility, enhanced cooling effect, knock mitigation, downsizing, extended lean-burn limits, higher thermal efficiency reductions several emission species. most promising fuels for ethanol, methanol hydrogen. Each aimed at different Alcohol-gasoline provides great anti-knock ability by taking advantage alcohols' large enthalpies vaporisation high octane numbers, while hydrogen-gasoline limits hydrogen's low energy, wide flammability limit flame speed. Direct optimal strategy because it effectively utilises strong effect alcohols avoids volumetric reduction pre-ignition generally demonstrates than single In addition, reduces particulate emissions there usually trade-offs among gaseous emissions. • flexibility integrating DI PFI. Alcohols hydrogen enhance mitigation respectively. Renewables plus PFI both increases certain products. effective efficient SI engines.